Post by davendahlonega on Oct 13, 2008 17:38:49 GMT -5
I thought this was interesting. I copied it from the Dairy Site.
Distillers Grains
With the growing ethanol industry and high grain prices, distillers grains have became an important discussion topic. Specialists, Bill Weiss, Maurice Eastridge, Dianne Shoemaker and Normand St-Pierre of the Ohio State University Extension, discuss what distillers grains are, nutrient composition and factors to remember when considering them as a feed alternative.
Introduction
Distillers grains are a byproduct of whiskey and fuel ethanol production. They have a very long history of being fed to livestock; the first study in the United States about feeding distillers grains to cattle was published in 1907. The tremendous growth in fuel ethanol production has greatly increased the supply of distillers grains, resulting in increased interest in feeding them. Annual production of distillers grains (on a dry basis) was about 1 million tons in 1998, about 10 million tons in 2006, and is estimated to reach 16 million tons by 2010.
In the United States, most of the ethanol currently produced is made from corn, but other grains can be used. The corn is processed and mixed with yeast that converts the starch into ethanol and carbon dioxide. The ethanol is distilled off and the remaining liquid is centrifuged to remove some water. This residue is called wet distillers grains and usually has 30 to 35% dry matter (DM) and contains most of the fiber, fat, protein, and minerals found in the original grain used to make the ethanol.
The liquid removed by centrifuging is usually partially dried and becomes condensed distillers solubles. Condensed solubles are a good source of protein, energy, and vitamins but have the consistency of molasses, making feeding difficult. Most distilleries add the condensed solubles back to the wet distillers grains, making wet distillers grains with solubles (WDGS). The wet products are either fed as is or are heat dried, producing dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS). The nutrient value of the products with and without solubles differs slightly, but only WDGS and DDGS will be discussed further.
Nutrient Composition
Table 1. Average composition of corn grain and corn distillers
grains with solubles.1
Corn Grain
Distillers Grains
Crude Protein, % 9.4 30
Neutral Detergent Fiber, % 9.5 40
Starch, % 70 4
Crude Fat, % 4.2 12
Phosphorus, % 0.3 0.8
1Nutrient composition on a DM basis. Data taken from several sources published since 2000.
The nutrient composition of distillers grains is a function of the starting grain and the specific methods used to make the ethanol and distillers grains. Distillers grains have very low concentrations of starch because most of the starch in the starting grains were converted to ethanol. Concentrations of protein, fiber, fat, and minerals are increased depending on the concentration of starch in the grain. Corn grain is about two-thirds starch and, when most of the starch is removed, concentrations of the other nutrients are increased about threefold (Table 1). With a few exceptions (discussed below) composition of WDGS and DDGS on a DM basis is similar.
Variability in Nutrient Composition
The nutrient composition of all feeds varies, but using feeds that are highly variable can reduce profitability of livestock operations because of increased feed costs and/or reduced production. Reduced production occurs when a diet does not contain adequate concentrations of a particular nutrient because a feed has less than anticipated concentrations of that nutrient. Increased feed costs occur when diets are over-supplemented to avoid reduced production. The nutrient composition of "average" distillers grains can be quite variable (Table 2). In comparison, soybean meal has a coefficient of variation (CV) for protein of <2%, which is much less than that for distillers grains. However, the CV for fat concentration in whole cottonseed is 8%, which is similar to that of distillers grains.
Table 2. Variation in nutrient composition of dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS).1
Average Concentration
Average CV
Range in CV
Crude Protein 30.2 6.4 2.1-10.2
Fat 10.9 7.8 4.4-10.5
NDF 14.3 2.4-23.1 66-72 in.
Phosphorus 0.89 11.7 3.1-15.3
1Concentrations are in percentage of DM. Twelve samples of DDGS were taken from 10 different distilleries to calculate the coefficient of variation (CV) within each distillery and average CV. Source of data: J. Animal Sci. 80:2638 (2002).
Variation can be managed, but you need to know the variation in nutrient composition of the feed. Some distilleries will provide average concentrations of major nutrients and the standard deviation for the distillers grains they sell. Otherwise, analyze an adequate number of samples and calculate standard deviations (all spreadsheets will make this calculation). To reduce variability, purchase distillers grains from a single source that practices good quality control. As shown in Table 2, some suppliers have very good quality control practices in place (low CV). If the distillers grains being fed are highly variable, inclusion rate should be limited. Limiting the inclusion rate of any feed will reduce the impact of its variation on animal performance and will reduce the need to greatly over-supplement the diet.
Wet or Dry Distillers Grains?
DDGS are available throughout the country, but because WDGS are 65% water, transportation costs limit their availability to livestock facilities that are in close proximity to the distillery (probably less than 100 miles).
Advantages of WDGS
* Lower cost per unit of DM (drying adds to the cost of making DDGS)
* Higher energy concentration (drying causes a reaction between proteins and carbohydrates that can reduce energy digestibility in DDGS)
* Mixes well into a total mixed ration, and the moisture of the product can reduce diet sorting when fed to cows
Disadvantages of WDGS
* Higher transportation costs per unit of DM
* Higher storage costs per unit of DM
* Lower concentrations of rumen undegradable protein (same reactions that reduce energy digestibility also reduce protein degradation)
* Not stable, thus spoilage can be very high
* Total diet can become too wet if silages are the predominant forage
Excessive spoilage can negate cost savings of using WDGS, but spoilage can be managed by:
1. Keeping storage time to a minimum
Depending on the ambient temperature, spoilage becomes excessive after one or two weeks of storage.
2. Storing in a plastic bag
Bagging typically costs around $5/ton of feed but greatly extends shelf life.
3. Adding preservatives at the distillery
This service typically costs $3 to $5/ton but can be effective at increasing shelf life.
4. Ensiling the wet product with other feeds
Mixtures of WDGS and corn silage or soybean hulls are more stable than WDGS alone if the final mix is not drier than 50% DM. Logistics of mixing the feeds before ensiling may limit the usefulness of this technique.
What Are Distillers Grains Worth?
Animals do not require specific feeds, they require nutrients. If the value of nutrients can be determined (e.g., rumen undegradable protein is worth so many cents per pound), then the value of a feed can be calculated by summing up the value of its nutrients. The value of nutrients can only be determined using market prices of numerous feeds, and these values constantly change.
A computer program developed at The Ohio State University is available (SESAME) that can calculate the value of nutrients based on current feed prices. This approach is probably the most accurate method to determine whether the market price of distillers grains is a good buy (i.e., the value of its nutrients exceeds the market price), a neutral buy, or a poor buy. However, this method can require a substantial amount of time. A simple method to determine the break-even price for DDGS that appears reasonably accurate is based on the price of ground corn grain and soybean meal (SBM).
Break-even price of DDGS ($/ton) = {Corn ($/bu) x 17.85} + {SBM ($/ton) x 0.5}
The price for SBM is for SBM with 48% crude protein, and all prices (corn, SBM, and DDGS) are delivered prices.
Example:
Ground corn grain delivered to the farm @ $4/bu ($143/ton)
Soybean meal (48% protein) delivered to farm @ $210/ton
Break-even price for DDGS (assuming average nutrient composition) is:
($4 x 17.85) + ($210 x 0.5) = $176/ton
The value of WDGS can be calculated from the price of DDGS. The price of DDGS is adjusted for differences in DM concentration, nutrient composition, shrink, and storage costs.
1. Dry matter adjustment = DM of WDGS divided by DM of DDGS.
If WDGS is 35% DM and DDGS is 88%, then the adjustment is 35/88 = 0.398.
2. Nutrient composition adjustment = 0.98
Calculated from expected differences in rumen undegradable protein and net energy for lactation between WDGS and DDGS.
3. Shrink adjustment = 0.85
Estimated from expected spoilage and seepage losses of WDGS. Shrink can vary greatly depending on how the material is stored.
4. Storage cost = actual cost of bagging, adding preservatives, etc.
Example:
DDGS delivered to farm @ $176/ton WDGS is 35% DM Bagging costs $5/ton
Break-even price for WDGS:
($176 x 0.398 x 0.98 x 0.85) - $5 = $53/ton delivered
Buyers assume more risk with a wet product than a dry product (e.g., spoilage can be very high with a wet product but dry products are usually stable); therefore, the actual price paid for WDGS probably should be less than the calculated break-even price to cover the cost of that risk.
Feeding Distillers Grains to Cattle
All types of cattle can efficiently utilize distillers grains when part of a balanced diet. Equal or better performance (rates of gain for beef cattle or milk yield in dairy cows) are usually reported when diets with up to 20% of their DM from distillers grains are compared with control diets (usually the distillers grains replace corn grain and soybean meal). When dietary DM is comprised of more than about 30% distillers grains, DM intake, milk yield, and milk protein concentrations are often reduced.
For dairy cattle, the amount of fat in the distillers grains may be the limiting factor for how much that can be fed without adversely affecting milk yield or composition. If other sources of supplemental fat are not being fed, fat from distillers grains can make up about 2% of the diet. Therefore, dividing 2 by the percentage of fat in the distillers grains (and multiplying by 100) is an estimate of the maximum amount of distillers grains that should be fed.
For example, if distillers grains contained 12% fat, then (2/12) x 100 = 16.7; the diet should contain no more than about 17% of its DM as distillers grains. The amount of distillers grains (up to the limit) that should be included in the diet is strictly a function of price. If distillers grains are inexpensive relative to other feeds, then diets may contain up to about 20% distillers grains. If they are not a good buy, diets do not need to include distillers grains. The price would have to be quite low, relative to other feeds, to include more than about 20% distillers grains in dairy cow diets because of the likelihood of reduced animal performance.
September 2008
Distillers Grains
With the growing ethanol industry and high grain prices, distillers grains have became an important discussion topic. Specialists, Bill Weiss, Maurice Eastridge, Dianne Shoemaker and Normand St-Pierre of the Ohio State University Extension, discuss what distillers grains are, nutrient composition and factors to remember when considering them as a feed alternative.
Introduction
Distillers grains are a byproduct of whiskey and fuel ethanol production. They have a very long history of being fed to livestock; the first study in the United States about feeding distillers grains to cattle was published in 1907. The tremendous growth in fuel ethanol production has greatly increased the supply of distillers grains, resulting in increased interest in feeding them. Annual production of distillers grains (on a dry basis) was about 1 million tons in 1998, about 10 million tons in 2006, and is estimated to reach 16 million tons by 2010.
In the United States, most of the ethanol currently produced is made from corn, but other grains can be used. The corn is processed and mixed with yeast that converts the starch into ethanol and carbon dioxide. The ethanol is distilled off and the remaining liquid is centrifuged to remove some water. This residue is called wet distillers grains and usually has 30 to 35% dry matter (DM) and contains most of the fiber, fat, protein, and minerals found in the original grain used to make the ethanol.
The liquid removed by centrifuging is usually partially dried and becomes condensed distillers solubles. Condensed solubles are a good source of protein, energy, and vitamins but have the consistency of molasses, making feeding difficult. Most distilleries add the condensed solubles back to the wet distillers grains, making wet distillers grains with solubles (WDGS). The wet products are either fed as is or are heat dried, producing dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS). The nutrient value of the products with and without solubles differs slightly, but only WDGS and DDGS will be discussed further.
Nutrient Composition
Table 1. Average composition of corn grain and corn distillers
grains with solubles.1
Corn Grain
Distillers Grains
Crude Protein, % 9.4 30
Neutral Detergent Fiber, % 9.5 40
Starch, % 70 4
Crude Fat, % 4.2 12
Phosphorus, % 0.3 0.8
1Nutrient composition on a DM basis. Data taken from several sources published since 2000.
The nutrient composition of distillers grains is a function of the starting grain and the specific methods used to make the ethanol and distillers grains. Distillers grains have very low concentrations of starch because most of the starch in the starting grains were converted to ethanol. Concentrations of protein, fiber, fat, and minerals are increased depending on the concentration of starch in the grain. Corn grain is about two-thirds starch and, when most of the starch is removed, concentrations of the other nutrients are increased about threefold (Table 1). With a few exceptions (discussed below) composition of WDGS and DDGS on a DM basis is similar.
Variability in Nutrient Composition
The nutrient composition of all feeds varies, but using feeds that are highly variable can reduce profitability of livestock operations because of increased feed costs and/or reduced production. Reduced production occurs when a diet does not contain adequate concentrations of a particular nutrient because a feed has less than anticipated concentrations of that nutrient. Increased feed costs occur when diets are over-supplemented to avoid reduced production. The nutrient composition of "average" distillers grains can be quite variable (Table 2). In comparison, soybean meal has a coefficient of variation (CV) for protein of <2%, which is much less than that for distillers grains. However, the CV for fat concentration in whole cottonseed is 8%, which is similar to that of distillers grains.
Table 2. Variation in nutrient composition of dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS).1
Average Concentration
Average CV
Range in CV
Crude Protein 30.2 6.4 2.1-10.2
Fat 10.9 7.8 4.4-10.5
NDF 14.3 2.4-23.1 66-72 in.
Phosphorus 0.89 11.7 3.1-15.3
1Concentrations are in percentage of DM. Twelve samples of DDGS were taken from 10 different distilleries to calculate the coefficient of variation (CV) within each distillery and average CV. Source of data: J. Animal Sci. 80:2638 (2002).
Variation can be managed, but you need to know the variation in nutrient composition of the feed. Some distilleries will provide average concentrations of major nutrients and the standard deviation for the distillers grains they sell. Otherwise, analyze an adequate number of samples and calculate standard deviations (all spreadsheets will make this calculation). To reduce variability, purchase distillers grains from a single source that practices good quality control. As shown in Table 2, some suppliers have very good quality control practices in place (low CV). If the distillers grains being fed are highly variable, inclusion rate should be limited. Limiting the inclusion rate of any feed will reduce the impact of its variation on animal performance and will reduce the need to greatly over-supplement the diet.
Wet or Dry Distillers Grains?
DDGS are available throughout the country, but because WDGS are 65% water, transportation costs limit their availability to livestock facilities that are in close proximity to the distillery (probably less than 100 miles).
Advantages of WDGS
* Lower cost per unit of DM (drying adds to the cost of making DDGS)
* Higher energy concentration (drying causes a reaction between proteins and carbohydrates that can reduce energy digestibility in DDGS)
* Mixes well into a total mixed ration, and the moisture of the product can reduce diet sorting when fed to cows
Disadvantages of WDGS
* Higher transportation costs per unit of DM
* Higher storage costs per unit of DM
* Lower concentrations of rumen undegradable protein (same reactions that reduce energy digestibility also reduce protein degradation)
* Not stable, thus spoilage can be very high
* Total diet can become too wet if silages are the predominant forage
Excessive spoilage can negate cost savings of using WDGS, but spoilage can be managed by:
1. Keeping storage time to a minimum
Depending on the ambient temperature, spoilage becomes excessive after one or two weeks of storage.
2. Storing in a plastic bag
Bagging typically costs around $5/ton of feed but greatly extends shelf life.
3. Adding preservatives at the distillery
This service typically costs $3 to $5/ton but can be effective at increasing shelf life.
4. Ensiling the wet product with other feeds
Mixtures of WDGS and corn silage or soybean hulls are more stable than WDGS alone if the final mix is not drier than 50% DM. Logistics of mixing the feeds before ensiling may limit the usefulness of this technique.
What Are Distillers Grains Worth?
Animals do not require specific feeds, they require nutrients. If the value of nutrients can be determined (e.g., rumen undegradable protein is worth so many cents per pound), then the value of a feed can be calculated by summing up the value of its nutrients. The value of nutrients can only be determined using market prices of numerous feeds, and these values constantly change.
A computer program developed at The Ohio State University is available (SESAME) that can calculate the value of nutrients based on current feed prices. This approach is probably the most accurate method to determine whether the market price of distillers grains is a good buy (i.e., the value of its nutrients exceeds the market price), a neutral buy, or a poor buy. However, this method can require a substantial amount of time. A simple method to determine the break-even price for DDGS that appears reasonably accurate is based on the price of ground corn grain and soybean meal (SBM).
Break-even price of DDGS ($/ton) = {Corn ($/bu) x 17.85} + {SBM ($/ton) x 0.5}
The price for SBM is for SBM with 48% crude protein, and all prices (corn, SBM, and DDGS) are delivered prices.
Example:
Ground corn grain delivered to the farm @ $4/bu ($143/ton)
Soybean meal (48% protein) delivered to farm @ $210/ton
Break-even price for DDGS (assuming average nutrient composition) is:
($4 x 17.85) + ($210 x 0.5) = $176/ton
The value of WDGS can be calculated from the price of DDGS. The price of DDGS is adjusted for differences in DM concentration, nutrient composition, shrink, and storage costs.
1. Dry matter adjustment = DM of WDGS divided by DM of DDGS.
If WDGS is 35% DM and DDGS is 88%, then the adjustment is 35/88 = 0.398.
2. Nutrient composition adjustment = 0.98
Calculated from expected differences in rumen undegradable protein and net energy for lactation between WDGS and DDGS.
3. Shrink adjustment = 0.85
Estimated from expected spoilage and seepage losses of WDGS. Shrink can vary greatly depending on how the material is stored.
4. Storage cost = actual cost of bagging, adding preservatives, etc.
Example:
DDGS delivered to farm @ $176/ton WDGS is 35% DM Bagging costs $5/ton
Break-even price for WDGS:
($176 x 0.398 x 0.98 x 0.85) - $5 = $53/ton delivered
Buyers assume more risk with a wet product than a dry product (e.g., spoilage can be very high with a wet product but dry products are usually stable); therefore, the actual price paid for WDGS probably should be less than the calculated break-even price to cover the cost of that risk.
Feeding Distillers Grains to Cattle
All types of cattle can efficiently utilize distillers grains when part of a balanced diet. Equal or better performance (rates of gain for beef cattle or milk yield in dairy cows) are usually reported when diets with up to 20% of their DM from distillers grains are compared with control diets (usually the distillers grains replace corn grain and soybean meal). When dietary DM is comprised of more than about 30% distillers grains, DM intake, milk yield, and milk protein concentrations are often reduced.
For dairy cattle, the amount of fat in the distillers grains may be the limiting factor for how much that can be fed without adversely affecting milk yield or composition. If other sources of supplemental fat are not being fed, fat from distillers grains can make up about 2% of the diet. Therefore, dividing 2 by the percentage of fat in the distillers grains (and multiplying by 100) is an estimate of the maximum amount of distillers grains that should be fed.
For example, if distillers grains contained 12% fat, then (2/12) x 100 = 16.7; the diet should contain no more than about 17% of its DM as distillers grains. The amount of distillers grains (up to the limit) that should be included in the diet is strictly a function of price. If distillers grains are inexpensive relative to other feeds, then diets may contain up to about 20% distillers grains. If they are not a good buy, diets do not need to include distillers grains. The price would have to be quite low, relative to other feeds, to include more than about 20% distillers grains in dairy cow diets because of the likelihood of reduced animal performance.
September 2008
